This data is a 5km monthly hydrological data set, including grid runoff and evaporation (if evaporation is less than 0, it means condensation; if runoff is less than 0, it means precipitation is less than evaporation), simulated and output through the WEB-DHM distributed hydrological model of the Indus River basin, with temperature, precipitation, barometric pressure, etc. as input data.
WANG Lei, LIU Hu
This data is generated based on meteorological observation data, hydrological station data, combined with various assimilation data and remote sensing data, through the preparation of the Qinghai Tibet Plateau multi-level hydrological model system WEB-DHM (distributed hydrological model based on water and energy balance) coupling snow, glacier and frozen soil physical processes. The time resolution is monthly, the spatial resolution is 5km, and the original data format is ASCII text format, Data types include grid runoff and evaporation (if evaporation is less than 0, it means condensation; if runoff is less than 0, it means precipitation is less than evaporation in the month). If the asc cannot be opened normally in arcmap, please top the first 5 lines of the asc file.
WANG Lei, CHAI Chenhao
This dataset derives from the article: He, C., Liu, Z., Wu, J., Pan, X., Fang, Z., Li, J., Bryan, B.A. (2021). Future global urban water scarcity and potential solutions. Nature Communications, 12, 4667. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-25026-3. This dataset includes global urban land information under different shared socioeconomic pathways from 2020 to 2070. The production process of this dataset mainly includes: (1) establishing a linear regression model based on the urban land data (downloaded from https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.892684) and urban population data from 1992 to 2016 to calculate the future urban land demand; (2) using the LUSD-urban model to simulate the spatial distribution of urban land. The dataset can support the assessment of effects of future global urban expansion.
HE Chunyang, LIU Zhifeng, YANG Yanjie
This dataset is derived from the article: Huang, M., Wang, Z.C., Pan, X.H., Gong, B.H., Tu, M.Z., & Liu, Z.F. (2022). Delimiting China's urban growth boundaries under localized shared socioeconomic pathways and various urban expansion modes. Earth's Future, 10, e2021EF002572. The dataset shows the urban expansion and urban growth boundaries of China in 2021-2100 under different socioeconomic scenarios and diverse urban expansion modes. To produce this dataset, the patch-based LUSD-urban model was used to simulate the urban expansion with 11 modes under the localized shared socioeconomic pathways, and the morphology approach was used to delimit urban growth boundaries according to the maximum extent of urban expansion. Using this dataset, the authors quantified the impacts of future urban expansion on ecosystem services under different scenarios and diverse modes, as well as the pressure of urban shrinkage, which is helpful to the Chinese government to demarcate urban development boundaries.
HUANG Miao , WANG Zichen , PAN Xinhao , GONG Binghua , TU Mengzhao , LIU Zhifeng
This dataset derives from the articles: (1) He, C., Liu, Z., Tian, J., & Ma, Q., (2014). Urban expansion dynamics and natural habitat loss in China: a multiscale landscape perspective. Global change biology, 20(9), 2886-2902.（2）Xu, M., He, C., Liu, Z., Dou, Y. (2016). How Did Urban Land Expand in China between 1992 and 2015? A Multi-Scale Landscape Analysis. PLoS ONE 11 (5): e0154839. To produce this dataset, the nighttime light data, vegetation index data, and land surface temperature data were preprocessed to obtain the multi-source remote sensing data in China from 1992 to 2020, and the economic regionalization, selection of samples, support vector machine classification, and inter-annual correction were used to extract the dynamic information of urban built-up area. According to the accuracy assessment based on Landsat TM/ETM+ data, Kappa coefficient is 0.60, overall accuracy is 92.62% This dataset has been used to assess the impacts of urban expansion on natural habitats and cropland, and can provide data support for understanding China’s urban expansion and its effects.
HE Chunyang, LIU Zhifeng, XU Min , LU Wenlu
The data is the land cover data of the Qinghai Tibet Plateau, with a spatial resolution of 300 meters and a temporal resolution of years. The data includes three periods of 1995, 2005 and 2015. The data is in grid format (TIFF), using the 2000 national geodetic coordinate system, and can be opened using software tools such as ArcGIS and envi. The original data comes from the European Copernicus climate change service data center. With reference to the "land cover classification system" developed by the food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, the global land cover types are divided into 22 categories. Because of its high accuracy, consistency and annual update, this data has been widely used in the fields of land use and human activity change monitoring worldwide. Based on the original data, this data is obtained in ArcGIS through clipping, projection, accuracy verification, and quality audit by a second person. The data quality is reliable.
YANG Yaping
The Surface water body extent and area dataset in pan-Sahel region includes the changes of surface water body (≥1km2) in pan-Sahelian 23 countries during 2000-2020. The dataset was produced based on the global surface water extent dataset (GSWED). Firstly, the misclassification caused by the dynamic threshold in the original GSWED data was eliminated by establishing the mask of area size and observation frequency to obtain an improved surface water data set. Then, the improved surface water surface data set was objected, and manually revised combination with global River widths from Landsat and lake data (HydroLAKES). Finally, based on the revised surface water body data set, the water body extent and area change in the Pan Sahel region in 21 years was counted. The dataset is in the vector file format (.shp) and has the geographic coordinate system of WGS 1984. It not only reduces the redundancy of data but increases the surface water from pixel scale to object scale, which is of more practical significance in geo-analysis. The dataset covers the Sahel and West Africa and provides data support for the assessment and research of surface water resources in the region.
LV Yunzhe , JIANG Min , JIA Li
This data set is a 30m land use / cover classification product in the Sahel region of Africa every five years from 1990 to 2020. The product is based on a collaborative framework of land cover classification integrating machine learning and multiple data fusion, and integrates supervised land cover classification with existing thematic land cover maps by using Google Earth engine (GEE) cloud computing platform. The classification system adopts FROM_ GLC classification system includes 8 categories: cultivated land, forest, grassland, shrub, wetland, water body, impervious surface and bare land. The data set has been verified by a large number of seasonal samples in the Sahel region. The overall accuracy of the data set is about 75%, and the accuracy of change area detection is more than 70%. It is also very similar to FAO and the existing land cover map. The data set can provide data support for the sustainable use of land resources and environmental protection in the Sahel region of Africa.
YU Le
This data set is a 30m land cover classification product in the Qilian Mountains in 2021. This product is based on the land cover classification product in 2021, based on the Landsat series data and strong geodetic data processing capability of Google Earth engine platform, and is produced by using the ideas and methods of change detection. The overall accuracy is better than 85%. This product is the continuation of land cover classification products from 1985 to 2020. Land cover classification products from 1985 to 2020 can also be downloaded from this website. Among them, the land use products from 1985 to 2015 are five years and one period, and the land use products from 2015 to 2021 are one year and one period.
YANG Aixia, ZHONG Bo, JUE Kunsheng, WU Junjun
This data set includes 30 m cultivated land and construction land distribution products in Qilian Mountain Area in 2021. The product comes from the land cover classification product of 30 m in Qilian Mountain Area in 2021. The overall accuracy of the product is better than 85%.
YANG Aixia, ZHONG Bo
The dataset of landuse types in Qilian Mountains National Park in 1985 is a vector dataset based on the remote sensing monitoring dataset of the current landuse situation in China by CAS, which is obtained through cropping and splicing operations. The data production production is vector data generated by manual visual interpretation using Landsat TM/ETM remote sensing images as the main data source. 3 datasets for 2000-2020 are raster datasets with 30m resolution based on GlobeLand30 global 30m ground cover data, obtained through mask extraction and other operations. The land use types of all datasets include 10 primary types of cropland, forest, shrubland, grassland, wetland, water, tundra, impervious surface, bareland, glacier, and permanent snow. The data products can detect most of the land cover changes caused by human activities, which is very important in practical applications. This data can be used to analyze the historical land use types in the Qilian Mountains region and to analyze the changes of land use types in the Qilian Mountains region in combination with the current landuse type data.
NIAN Yanyun
Focusing on the objective of estimating the total amount of unconsolidated sediments in the Yarlung Tsangpo River Basin (YTRB), we marked a series of Quaternary sections of unconsolidated sediments in the whole basin to measure their thickness. The dataset presents a collection of field photos of unconsolidated sediments obtained in the scientific expedition in YTRB in 2020. Specifically, this dataset comprises of 16 composite first–class sub basins, from upstream to downstream, including Dangque–Laiwu Tsangpo, Resu–Lierong Tsangpo, Chaiqu–Menqu, Xiongqu–Wengbuqu, Jiada Tsangpo, Pengji Tsangpo–Sakya Chongqu, Duoxiong Tsangpo, Shabu–Danapu, Nianchu River, Xiangqu–Wuyuma, Manqu, Nimuma–Lhasa River, Gonggapu–Luoburongqu, Niyang River, Yigong Tsangpo–Palong Tsangpo, and Xiangjiang River Basin. A total of 584 sites of unconsolidated sediments were marked. The atlas displays different types of unconsolidated sediments, such as alluvium, eluvium, diluvium, colluvium, eolian, lacustrine and moraine deposits, showing their spatial distribution in hillsides, foothills, floodplains, terraces, alluvial–diluvial fans and glacier fronts. With a scale of 1m benchmarking, it shows the significant difference in distribution of thickness. Generally, the thickness of the eluvium on the upper part of the hillside is about 0.3–2.5m, and the thickness of the alluvium is difficult to bottom out. The thickness of diluvium in the gentle area of the piedmont with steep slope is usually between 5 and 10 m, while the thickness of the deposit at the piedmont gully mouth is related to the scale of the pluvial fan, which can reach tens of meters thick and only 3 to 4 meters thin. From the upstream to the downstream, the thickness of alluvium varies greatly. The bedrock in the canyon area is exposed, and the thickness is almost 0. However, the thickness of alluvium in the upstream river valley is large and difficult to see the bottom interface; The maximum thickness of measured moraine deposits can reach more than 20 m. Aeolian deposits are common in the middle and upper reaches, with a wide range of thickness, ranging from a few meters to more than 20 meters. The dataset provides a wide variety of in–suit photos and measurements of unconsolidated sediments covering the whole basin, showing their characteristics of spatial distribution and genetic types, which lays a material foundation and prior knowledge for further detailed characterization and investigation of unconsolidated sediments. This work presents data for estimating the total accumulation of solid debris deposited in the YTRB, and provides a basis for assessing the risk of natural disasters related to unconsolidated sediments and formulating scientific preventive measures.
LIN Zhipeng, WANG Chengshan , HAN Zhongpeng, BAI Yalige, WANG Xinhang, HU Taiyu
This dataset includes the schematic diagrams and lithologic histograms of the measured sections of typical unconsolidated sediments in Shigatse, Yarlung Tsangpo River Basin, as well as the statistical table of measured sections. The source data comes from a two-month field measurement in Shigatse, Tibet. 16 sections of unconsolidated sediments were measured, and 128 samples were collected, including 89 cosmic nuclide samples and 39 optically stimulated luminescence samples. 16 schematic diagrams and 38 lithologic histograms were shown. The dataset primarily shows the genetic types of typical unconsolidated sediments in the Shigatse area, such as alluvium, eluvium, diluvium, colluvium, and moraine deposits. The exposed range of measured sediment thickness is about 1.6–70 m, the average thickness is about 29 m, and the horizontal distribution is 41–9059 m. The dataset demonstrates the discrete, porous, sandy and weakly cemented structural characteristics of the unconsolidated sediments with high gravel content (80%–95%), and the main gravel diameter distribution is 0.05–0.1m; sorting and roundness of alluvium are good, while the colluvial materials are poor. Fining-upward trends are commonly seen in most sections, and parallel and tabular cross-bedding are occasionally developed. Untangling the sedimentary characteristics of unconsolidated sediments in the Yarlung Tsangpo River Basin is vital to reveal the storage of fluvial solid matter across the basin, and provide important instructions for disaster warning and prevention and control of related features caused by sliding, unloading, and collapse of the ground surface. It is also of great scientific value to reveal the source-sink process and evolution of fluvial and alluvial systems in the Tibet Plateau and its surrounding basins.
LIN Zhipeng, WANG Chengshan , HAN Zhongpeng, BAI Yalige, WANG Xinhang, ZHANG Jian, MA Xinduo
Land cover refers to the mulch formed by the current natural and human influences on the earth's surface. It is the natural state of the earth's surface, such as forests, grasslands, farmland, soil, glaciers, lakes, swamps and wetlands, and roads. The Land Cover (LC) dataset is original from MODIS products and preprocessed by format conversion, projection and resampling. The existing format is TIFF and projection is Krasovsky_1940_Albers. The data set has a spatial resolution of 1000 meters and provides one image per year during the period from 2002 to 2020. Land cover products were classified into 17 categories defined by the International Geosphere Biosphere Programme (IGBP), including 11 categories of natural vegetation, 3 categories of land use and Mosaic, and 3 categories of non-planting land.
ZHU Juntao
In this study，a vegetation classification system for the vegetation types in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau was designed. The integrated classification method，taken into account of multi-source vegetation classification / land cover classification products， was used to produce the actual vegetation map. This integrated classification method followed the principle of data consistency，and the resultant vegetation map was superior over other vegetation maps in terms of reflection of current situation， classification system， and classification accuracy. This vegetation map is timely and could better reflect current vegetation distribution than earlier ones. This vegetation map could be conducive to fully extract vegetation information from multi-source data products with high reliability and consistency. Compared with previous data products，the overall accuracy （78.09%，kappa coefficient is 0.75） of this new vegetation map was found to increase by 18.84%-37.17%，especially for grassland and shrub.
ZHANG Hui, ZHAO Cenliang, ZHU Wenquan
This data is the land cover data at 30m resolution of Southeast Asia in 2015. The data format of the data is NetCDF, and the variable name is "land cover type". The data was obtained by mosaicing and extracting the From-GLC data. Several land cover types, such as snow and ice that do not exist in Southeast Asia were eliminated.The legend were reintegrated to match the new data. The data provide information of 8 land cover types: cropland, forest, grassland, shrub, wetland, water, city and bare land. The overall accuracy of the data is 71% (Gong et al., 2019). The data can provide the land cover information of Southeast Asia for hydrological models and regional climate models.
LIU Junguo
These data contain two data files: GLOBELAND30 TILES (raw data) and TIBET_ GLOBELAND30_MOSAIC (mosaic data). The raw data were downloaded from the Global Land Cover Data website (GlobalLand3) (http://www.globallandcover.com) and cover the Tibetan Plateau and surrounding areas. The raw data were stored in frames, and for the convenience of using the data, we use Erdas software to splice and mosaic the raw data. The Global Land Cover Data (GlobalLand30) is the result of the “Global Land Cover Remote Sensing Mapping and Key Technology Research”, which is a key project of the National 863 Program. Using the American Landsat images (TM5, ETM+) and Chinese Environmental Disaster Reduction Satellite images (HJ-1), the data were extracted by a comprehensive method based on pixel classification-object extraction-knowledge checks. The data include 10 primary land cover types—cultivated land, forest, grassland, shrub, wetland, water body, tundra, man-made cover, bare land, glacier and permanent snow—without extracting secondary types. In terms of accuracy assessment, nine types and more than 150,000 test samples were evaluated. The overall accuracy of the GlobeLand30-2010 data is 80.33%. The Kappa indicator is 0.75. The GlobeLand30 data use the WGS84 coordinate system, UTM projection, and 6-degree banding, and the reference ellipsoid is the WGS 84 ellipsoid. According to different latitudes, the data are organized into two types of framing. In the regions of 60° north and south latitudes, the framing is carried out according to a size of 5° (latitude) × 6° (longitude); in the regions of 60° to 80° north and south latitudes, the framing is carried out according to a size of 5° (latitude) × 12° (longitude). The framing is projected according to the central meridian of the odd 6° band. GLOBELAND30 TILES: The original, unprocessed raw data are retained. TIBET_ GLOBELAND30_MOSAIC: The Erdas software is used to mosaic the raw data. The parameter settings use the default value of the raw data to retain the original, and the accuracy is consistent with that of the downloading site.
CHEN Jun
Agricultural irrigation consumes a large amount of available freshwater resources and is the most immediate human disturbance to the natural water cycle process, with accelerated regional water cycles accompanied by cooling effects. Therefore, estimating irrigation water use (IWU) is important for exploring the impact of human activities on the natural water cycle, quantifying water resources budget, and optimizing agricultural water management. However, the current irrigation data are mainly based on the survey statistics, which is scattered and lacks uniformity, and cannot meet the demand for estimating the spatial and temporal changes of IWU. The Global Irrigation Water Use Estimation Dataset (2011-2018) is calculated by the satellite soil moisture, precipitation, vegetation index, and meteorological data (such as incoming radiation and temperature) based on the principle of soil water balance. The framework of IWU estimation in this study coupled the remotely sensed evapotranspiration process module and the data-model fusion algorithm based on differential evolution. The IWU estimates provided from this dataset have small bias at different spatial scales (e.g., regional, state/province and national) compared to traditional discrete survey statistics, such as at Chinese provinces for 2015 (bias = −3.10 km^3), at U.S. states for 2013 (bias = −0.42 km^3), and at various FAO countries (bias = −10.84 km^3). Also, the ensemble IWU estimates show lower uncertainty compared to the results derived from individual precipitation and soil moisture satellite products. The dataset is unified using a global geographic latitude and longitude grid, with associated metadata stored in corresponding NetCDF file. The spatial resolution is about 25 km, the time resolution is monthly, and the time span is 2011-2018. This dataset will help to quantitatively assess the spatial and temporal patterns of agricultural irrigation water use during the historical period and support scientific agricultural water management.
ZHANG Kun, LI Xin, ZHENG Donghai, ZHANG Ling, ZHU Gaofeng
Through the investigation of tourist spots, tourist routes and tourist areas at different levels, form photos and video data of tourism resources, tourism services and tourism facilities of scenic spots, scenic spots, corridors and important tourism transportation nodes, tourism villages and tourism towns, record the tourism development status, find problems in tourism development, and form corresponding ideas for the construction of world tourism destinations; The data sources are UAV, tachograph and camera, mobile phone and GPS, and are divided into different folders according to scenic spots and data categories; The data has been checked for many times to ensure its authenticity; This data can provide a traceable basis for the construction of world tourism destinations on the Qinghai Tibet Plateau.
SHI Shanshan
(1) Data content: the data set includes the land use of the Aral Sea basin from 2000 to 2020; (2) Data source and processing method: the data set is from the land cover map of the European Space Agency's climate change initiative（ http://maps.elie.ucl.ac.be/CCI ）On this basis, the boundary data of the Aral Sea basin are masked to extract the land use of the Aral Sea basin. At the same time, the original secondary data are combined into primary data including 7 land use types according to certain rules. The coordinate system is wgs-1984; (3) Data quality description: according to the existing research, the overall accuracy of the data set reaches 80%; (4) The data set can provide basic data support for ecological protection and environmental assessment, and can also be used as the original data of land use simulation.
LIU Tie
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